#e <t>battle<d>1085<n>Toledo falls to Christians<c>Toledo
// 12th century
// 13th century
#p <nat>Spanish<o>king<n>James I of Aragon<sur>James I of Aragon<b>1208 Feb 2<ac>1213<d>1276 Jul 27<c>Spain<info>
James I ruled the Spanish kingdom of Aragon from 1213 and greatly expanded his dominions. He began the conquest of the Muslim kingdom of Majorca in 1229. He conquered the Muslim kingdom of Valencia in 1238.
// 14th century
// 15th century
#e <t>decree<d>1492 Mar 31<n>Jews expelled from Spain<c>Spain<info>King Ferdinand of Iberia issues a decree that, on @August 2@Jews flee Spain@ of that year, the sun should not rise upon any Jews in Spain, on pain of death.
#e <t>migration<d>1492 Aug 2<n>Jews flee Spain<c>Spain<info>Following the @decree@Jews expelled from Spain@ by King Ferdinand in March of 1492 that all of the Jews must leave Spain, between 150,000 and 800,000 Jews fled. August 2 was the date by which they were all to have either left or converted to Christianity. On that very day, @Christopher Columbus@@ left Spain on his voyage of discovery with his Jewish secretary, Luis Torres, on board.
#e <t>battle<d>1492<n>Spanish capture Grenada<c>Grenada<info>Grenada was the last Moorish city in Spain. With its capture, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella secured all of Spain under their rule. While holding court in the field during the siege, Isabella granted a request for support by an explorer, @Christopher Columbus@@, for a voyage across the Atlantic to the far east.
// 16th century
#p <nat>Spanish<o>king<n>Philip II of Spain<sur>Philip II<b>1527<ac>1556<d>1598<info>Philip II sent the @Spanish Armada@@ against England. Philip was also the king of Portugal from 1580 to 1598.
#e <t>annexation<d>1580<n>Spain takes over Portugal<c>Portugal
#e <t>sea battle<d>1588<n>Spanish Armada<c>English Channel<info>@Philip II of Spain@@ sent a fleet against England in 1588. When the Armada appeared off Plymouth on July 30, it was met by an English fleet of at least equal strength. The Spanish withdrew, but lost only two ships before arriving at Calais. An intended rendezvous at Calais with an army they were to ferry to Britain failed; lacking adequate ships and blockaded by Dutch rebels, the troops could not embark. On August 8, English fire ships drove the Armada out of its Calais anchorage. The Spanish regrouped and fought another action, but they were now out of ammunition. Realising that the situation was lost, the Spanish sailed north around Scotland and Ireland and returned to Spain. They suffered heavy losses because of disease and shipwreck.<ref>Grolier
// 17th century
#p <nat>Spanish<o>king<n>Philip V of Spain<b>1683<ac>1700<d>1746<info>Philip V was the first of the Bourbon line in Spain.
// 18th century
#e <t>war<n>War of the Spanish Succession<d>1701<e>1714<c>Europe
#e <t>siege<d>1780<e>1784 Feb 2<n>Spanish siege of Gibraltar<c>Gibraltar
// 19th century
#e <t>war<n>Spanish-American War<d>1898<c>North America
